Return toScience
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| Recognize
multiple influences |
Forget that "The Cause"!
Look for many causes...and many effects—that interact in intricate ways. A good exemplar is the ordering of colors. Follow this link |
I didn't knock over the vase
while my sister and I were fighting; she did.
We didn't cause that war; they did. Guns don't kill people; people kill people. |
| Ferret
out
relevance & irrelevance |
What's important, and what's not, is often no clearer than "obvious." And that means it's often unobserved. | Watch all those people trying to get a sun tan on a warm summer evening...and not noticing that it's not working. (They are thinking, "It's the heat.") |
| Recognize
symmetries; mutual reciprocities |
Seeing symmetry is often taking the view from "outside." From the "inside" we easily fall prey to the "____centrisms" : ego-, ethno-, anthropo-, etc. From the outside, we are more likely to see the implications of mutual reciprocities. | The fist hits the jaw. There is
a symmetrical interaction between fist and jaw, but there is also a tendency
to feel that the person who took the aggressive action gained some kind
of immunity to damage. POW!
Mutual reciprocity is the key to the puzzle about pushing on clay. |
| Recognize
commonalities (abstractions) |
Classification is a simple abstraction. The inverted implication is a more sophisticated abstraction. |
Classification: animal, vegetable or mineral.
Animals have characteristics in common that vegetables and minerals do
not.
The error of "Energy is the capacity to do work" has characteristics in common with not seeing why we need not turn over the "B" card when Wason's card puzzle is stated "If A then B." Wason's cards. |
| Sense
when, and how, to
extrapolate (to unattainable limits) |
The continuum is an extrapolation to the limit of the line containing every imaginable number lying between any two numbers, no matter how close to each other. Quantum mechanics was the discovery that this is not the case. | One of the more important extrapolations to limits in physics is that used to conceptualize velocity and acceleration: See. |
| Recognize
the subtleties of
statisitcs |
Many elements of insight are needed here:
Randomness. Extrapolation to limits. Ratios and proportion. Orders of magnitude. |
Gambling.
Orders of Magnitude. |
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Return toScience
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which is an alternative view of Piaget's "formal operations." [GOals] "Complex things need many different views from many different directions before understanding finally dawns." |